[COLOR=red]First;[/COLOR]What does dictionary mean
A dictionary, (a lexicon, wordbook, or vocabulary,) is
a collection of words in one or more specific languages, often listed alphabetically, with usage information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, and other information;
or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon.
[COLOR=red]second:[/COLOR]
[B][U]Brief history about Dictionaries : [/U][/B]
[COLOR=green]The first recorded form of dictionary [/COLOR]much to the surprise of many is dated back to the 7th century BC. It is interesting to note that the concept of dictionary was conceived in 7th century BC. [COLOR=darkblue]This first dictionary belongs to the library of the Ashurbanipal, the king of Assyria, Nineveh[/COLOR].. Followed by this in terms of chronology was[COLOR=darkblue] the Latin dictionary by Verrius Flaccus[/COLOR].
The evidence of next available dictionary takes a leap to[U] 5th century AD and later[/U]. These dictionaries take a big leap not only in terms of chronology but, it also takes big leap in terms of Geographical location. The 5th AD century dictionaries [COLOR=darkblue]are Sanskrit dictionaries[/COLOR]. These are polyglot dictionaries in Sanskrit, Tibetan, Mongolian and Chinese. During this time were also found dictionaries in botany, astronomy and medicine in Sanskrit. Following these, were [COLOR=darkblue]dictionaries in Hebrew[/COLOR] between 6th to 8th centuries AD.
How about the sophisticated [COLOR=darkblue]Greeks and Romans[/COLOR] Did their sophisticated minds not conceive anything on collection and listing of the words of their language The Greeks had something similar to glossaries of unusual words and phrases rather than a comprehensive and exhaustive collection of words of their language.
The need for bilingual and multilingual dictionaries was realized at a greater magnitude with the advent of mass movement of people enabled by trade and commerce there was a growing need to learn and master foreign languages. One such bilingual [U]dictionary dates back to 1502 AD[/U], it was initially compiled by an Italian [COLOR=darkblue]monk by name Ambrogio Calpeno[/COLOR]. This work was later extended to incorporate Italian, French and Spanish. The same work grew to become a massive work that had a collection of eleven languages in 1590.
After this period there was a[COLOR=darkblue] huge explosion on the number and availability of dictionaries[/COLOR]. [COLOR=red]It is difficult to keep track of the outburst of dictionaries and list them all after this period.[/COLOR]
[COLOR=red]Third:[/COLOR]
[U]Types of dictionaries[/U]
There are three basic types of dictionary.
1. They are the compact,
2. historical and
3. general purpose dictionary.
[COLOR=indigo]The compact dictionary[/COLOR] is, naturally, a small pocket sized variety that is somewhat limited in the scope of its content.
[COLOR=indigo]The historical dictionary[/COLOR], on the other hand, is an exhaustive volume that specializes in the history of words. It enlarges on where words come from and how they acquired their present meaning.
[COLOR=indigo]The general purpose dictionary[/COLOR] lies somewhere between these two extremes. This is the most common version that people would have in their home and is the best for everyday use.
The functions of the general purpose dictionary are to:
provide definitions,
proper pronunciation,
correct spelling
and derivations as well as any restrictive labels attached to a word.
[COLOR=red]___________________________________________________________________[/COLOR]
[B][COLOR=black]References : [/COLOR][/B]
"Dictionary". Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 17 December 2010 at 05:22.
"History of Dictionaries". A-Z-Dictionaries.com 2005-2010
"The history of the dictionary".www.essortment.com 2002
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[B][COLOR=red]تعريف القاموس :[/COLOR][/B]
القاموس أو المعجم هو مجموعة من الكلمات التي تنتمي للغة واحده أو أكثر، وتكون -غالبا- مرتبه ترتيبا أبجديا مع شرح موجز لمواضع استخدامها و تعريفها ، إلى جانب أصلها الاشتقاقي ، وطريقة لفظها ومعلومات أخرى.
كما تطلق كلمة "قاموس" على الكتاب الذي يحتوي على مفردات أي لغة من اللغات و ما يقابلها في اللغات الأخرى.
[COLOR=red]تاريخ المعاجم اللغوية[/COLOR]
أول نسخه حُفظت على شكل قاموس كانت في القرن السابع قبل الميلاد ،وهذا الأمر أثار استغراب الكثير من الباحثين ، حيث أن الكثير لم يتوقعوا أن يتشكل مفهوم القاموس في ذلك الزمن .
وهذا القاموس كان مُلكاً لمكتبة (آشور بانيبال ) ملك أشور .
بعد ذلك -وبحسب التسلسل الزمني للمؤرخين - ألَف Verrius Flaccus القاموس اللاتيني.
ثم تأتي البراهين والأدلة التاريخية لتثبت معالم القفزة الهائلة في مجال تأليف المعاجم منذ مطلع القرن الخامس، مما أدى إلى توسع هائل في كلا الحقلين (التاريخي والجغرافي ) .
وفي تلك الفترة انتشرت معاجم اللغة السنسكريتية وكانت تحتوي عدة لغات مثل المنغولية والتبتية والصينية، وكما أُلفت قواميس تختص بعلم الفلك ، والنبات ، والطب .
وبين القرن السادس والثامن الميلادي ظهرت القواميس العبرية .
ماذا عن حضارة الإغريق والرومان التي كانت تتميز بالرقي الفكري ؟ هل غفلت ثقافتهم المميزة عن جمع الكلمات وحصرها تبعا للغتهم ؟
كان لدى الإغريق علما شبيها لحد كبير لعملية جمع الكلمات بشكل قوائم ، فلقد خصصوا مذكرات للكلمات والعبارات الشاذة في لغتهم بدلا من جمع الكلمات السهلة والمفهومة في قاموس واحد .
وهنا بجدر بنا الإشادة بأن الحاجة لقواميس ثنائيه أو متعددة اللغة أصبحت ملحه مع ازدياد الرحلات التجارية في ذلك الوقت، فلقد أضطر الناس إلى تعلم وإتقان اللغات الأجنبية لتسهيل التبادل التجاري .
ومن القواميس الثنائية اللغة ( تحتوي على لغتين مختلفتين ) في التاريخ ، قاموس قام بجمعه احد الرهبان الإيطاليين وسماه امبروجيو Calpeno في عام 1502 م ، وفي وقت لاحق دمجت اللغة الإيطالية والفرنسية والإسبانية فيه .
وفي عام 1590 أصبح هذا القاموس يحتوي على إحدى عشر لغة .
بعد ذلك شهدت مؤلفات المعاجم توسع هائل وأصبح من الصعب أن يتبع المؤرخون تسلسل تأليفها وسردها في قائمه واحده .
[COLOR=red]أنواع القواميس[/COLOR]
للقواميس 3 أنواع أساسيه :
أولها :المختصر
ثانيها : التاريخي
ثالثها : القاموس الشامل
[COLOR=darkblue]القاموس المختصر : [/COLOR]هو كتيب صغير الحجم للجيب ، يحوي معلومات محدودة عن موضوع واحد .
[COLOR=darkblue]القاموس التاريخي :[/COLOR] هو مجلد ضخم يحتوي على تاريخ وأصل كل كلمه على حده ، يتناول بالتفصيل جذور ومعنى الكلمة وكيف أصبحت في وقتنا الحالي .
[COLOR=darkblue]القاموس الشامل :[/COLOR] هذا النوع - إلى حد ما - يجمع مابين النوعين السابقين ،وهو النوع الشائع استخدامه من قبل الناس في وقتنا الحاضر وقد يحرص الكثير منهم على اقتناءه حيث يعتبر ملائم للاستعمال اليومي .
[COLOR=green]ويوضح القاموس الشامل خمسة أمور أساسيه عن كل كلمه : [/COLOR] تعريفها ،
النطق الصحيح لها ،
التهجئه السليمة .
الاشتقاقات
إلى جانب الاستخدام الشائع للكلمة .
فيما يلي قواميس لأكسفورد في أغلب التخصصات .
[ALIGN=CENTER][IMG]http://www.kharjhome.com/contents/useruppic/4d2ac1e67d8e5.jpg[/IMG][/ALIGN]
التعليقات 17
17 pings
إنتقل إلى نموذج التعليقات ↓
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10/01/2011 في 12:17 م[3] رابط التعليق
.What is this ? Great article. with my best wishes ( روعه)
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10/01/2011 في 4:50 م[3] رابط التعليق
جزااااااك الله خيرا اخت مها thankey:cool:
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10/01/2011 في 10:12 م[3] رابط التعليق
asalam
thank you so much for this great informations
keep going
with my best wishes 😎
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12/01/2011 في 2:40 م[3] رابط التعليق
أسير الدرب
thank you sir
متعب السبيعي
وياك اخوي
student
وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله
you are so welcom
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12/01/2011 في 4:06 م[3] رابط التعليق
many thanks. maha
but i think no body intrested the nice articals as your articals becuase more than pepole need only articals in sports and others articals the same levesl
howover dont stop please
khalid
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13/01/2011 في 9:10 م[3] رابط التعليق
استغفر الله يعني مبسوطين انكم تتكلمون انجليزي
الفخر والسعادة في حفظ القران وليس بلغة اليهوووووود
……………………………..
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13/01/2011 في 11:28 م[3] رابط التعليق
وش معنى برنس ياحافظ القرآن؟
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14/01/2011 في 1:49 ص[3] رابط التعليق
Thank you my sister for these information about DICTIONARIES.
and for owr brother ^prince alkharj^ I tell youthat this Language is very important and is one of the best ways to spred Islam in evry where bcaouse there are alot of people in who have never heard about islam befor ,and they don’t know Arabic ,,, so we have to explane Islam to them by this language even if English in not there mother tunge language ,, but it is a way between us to contact with each other.
So try to lean this LANGUAGE becaouse one day you are going to need it.
THANK YOU ALL
GOOD LUCK
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14/01/2011 في 10:51 ص[3] رابط التعليق
الله يعيطك العاااافية يامها
وربي يوفقك وان شاء الله اشوف لك شأن في المجتمع
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15/01/2011 في 10:08 م[3] رابط التعليق
اسير الدرب
ما اعرف معناها
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16/01/2011 في 12:24 م[3] رابط التعليق
برنس الخرج/ اذا ماتعرف معناها تراها من كلام اليهود وهذي مصيبه فكيف تلقب نفسك بكلمه لا تعرف معناها.واذ تعرف فالمصيبه اعظم فكيف تتحمد وتستغفر وتتمصخر على من يكتب باللغة الانجليزيه وانت تبيح لنفسك استخدامها وتجعلها لقب لك. انا متأكد انك تعرف معناها لكن حبيت اوضح لك التناقض العجيب بين تعليقك واسمك.على فكره لغة اليهود هي العبريه وتسمى ايضا” العبرانيه وليست الانجليزيه .احيانا” الصمت خيرً من الكلام. Good luck
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17/01/2011 في 10:07 م[3] رابط التعليق
السؤال
مارأي الأستاذة الكريمة في قاموس babylon الإلكتروني ..الموجود على الإنترنت وهو قاموس يحوي العديد من القواميس ارجوا الإفادة ان امكن ولكم جزيل الشكر
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18/01/2011 في 7:34 ص[3] رابط التعليق
اسير الدرب
جزاك الله خير ويعلم الله انني لم اعرف معناها الا الان مشكور على النتبيه
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18/01/2011 في 6:03 م[3] رابط التعليق
الاخ ( بدون اسم) احييك على شجاعتك بالاعتراف بالخطا و اخلاقك العاليه. ومدامك تنازلت عن لقب برنس الخرج بسببي اسمحلي ان القبك بلقب ( ضمير الخرج ) واتمنى ان ينال اعجابك وتقبل تحياتي ……….اخوك/أسير الدرب
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09/02/2011 في 3:07 ص[3] رابط التعليق
مساء>صباح الخير الله يعطيك العافيه على جهودك يااخت مها واتمنى اني استفيد من خبرتك الله يطول بعمرك انا اشتغل في قطاع خااص والي حولي في العمل كلهم اجانب وانا جديد عندهم ولا عندي احد يتكلم عربي وهذي فرصتي اني اتعلم انقلش بس مااعرف اركب جمل بس كلمات ويفهمون علي واحس اني في نفس الوقت الاستيعاب عندي ضعيف
الي ابيه منك الله يسلمك انك توجهيني على طريقة مفيده لي في بداية المحادثة انقلش مع العلم اني اشتغل في المجال هذا قرابه 9 اشهر
ولك جزيل الشكر والتقدير ودمتي بالصحة والعافية
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05/03/2011 في 9:06 ص[3] رابط التعليق
الله يفتحها عليك يااخت مها وين مارحتي مشكوره على ردك لي
واكيد اذا احتجناك ماراح تقصرين لا خلا ولا عدم يااستاذه مها
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18/10/2011 في 12:58 م[3] رابط التعليق
إلى الأخت الغاليه والصديقة من ايام الثانويه ( مهااااوي )
انه لفخر لنا وجودك بهذه الصفحه ومنورتنا بكلامك القيم والمفيد …
حقيقةَ انه لفخر للمملكه وجود طالبه تتعلم وتعلم والكل يستفيد منك دون أي مقابل
قليل من هو مثلك ويكاد ينعدم في هذه الحياه
جداَ استفدت من هذه الزاويه القيمه بكل مافيها ……
لكي كل ودي واحترامي …
صديقتك ايام الثانويه ….
😎 😎 😎
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